court official

δυνάστης, ου, ὁ (Trag., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestJud 6:3 v.l.; 9:5; Ath., R. 72, 25) gener. one who is in a position to command others.

① one who is in relatively high position, ruler, sovereign

ⓐ of God (Soph., Antig. 608 of Zeus; Herm. Wr. Fgm. XXIII 27, p. 472, 10 Sc.; ZPWess 665 τ. δυνάστας μεγάλους θεούς; PGM 4, 180, 265; 988; Sir 46:5; 2 Macc 12:15; 15:3ff al.; 3 Macc 2:3; SibOr 3, 719) ὁ μακάριος κ. μόνος δ. the blessed and only Sovereign 1 Ti 6:15.

ⓑ of humans (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 11 Jac. [in Apollon. Paradox. 20]; Diod S 5, 21, 6 βασιλεῖς καὶ δυνάστας; Appian, Mithr. 102 §472; 108 §516; Lucian, Phal. 2, 1 ἀνὴρ δ.; Appian, Iber. 29 §115; ViDa 7 [Sch. p. 77, 13]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 142; Jos., Bell. 6, 438, Ant. 14, 36; TestJud 9:5; SibOr 3, 636) καθαιρεῖν δ. ἀπὸ θρόνων dethrone rulers Lk 1:52 (cp. Job 12:19).

② one who is in a relatively minor position, court official (Gen 50:4) fr. the court of the queen of Ethiopia Ac 8:27. S. Κανδάκη.—DELG s.v. δύναμαι. M-M.

-ος,-ον ⁺ A 0-3-0-0-4=7 1 Chr 18,17; 2 Chr 26,11; 28,7; 2 Mc 4,29; 14,26

succeeding Sir 46,1; ὁ διάδοχος successor 2 Mc 4,29; deputy, court official 1 Chr 18,17

Cf. DANIEL, S. 1966 110(Sir 46,1)

προσοδοποιός, ὁ,

A law-court official, summoner, BGU 388 i 27, ii 19 (ii A.D.), prob. in 868.3 (ii A.D.).

χῑλίαρχ-ος, ὁ,

A captain over a thousand, A.Pers. 304: esp. commandant of a garrison, X.Cyr.8.1.14, Oec.4.7.

II = χιλιάρχης 11, Plb.6.19.1, al., D.H.2.14, Inscr.Magn. 157b (i A. D.), etc. (the usual form in this sense).

2 title of Persian court official, Plu.Art.5, Ael. VH1.21; also in Macedonia, D.S.18.48.

ἀρχι-κῠνηγός, ὁ,

A chief-huntsman, a Ptolemaic court official, OGI99.2 (Ptol. V), 143.3 (Cyprus, Ptol. VIII), Ostr. 1530, J.AJ16.10.3.

σύνδουλος, ου, ὁ (Eur., Lysias et al.; ins [New Docs 2, 54]; BGU 1141, 20 [13 B.C.]; PLond III, 1213a, 4 p. 121 [65–66 A.D.]; PLips 40 II, 3; 2 Esdr; Jos., Ant. 11, 118. Other reff. in Herodas ed. AKnox and WHeadlam 1922 p. 252f)

① one who, along w. others, is in a relationship of total obedience to one master or owner, fellow-slave (e.g. Herodas 5, 56) Mt 24:49; Hs 5, 2, 9f.

② a subordinate in total obedience to a ruler, slave, esp. typical of eastern social perceptions

ⓐ of the relationship betw. an oriental court official and the ruler (s. δοῦλος 2bα) Mt 18:28f, 31, 33.

ⓑ of a relationship to the heavenly κύριος. Paul and Ign. designate certain Christians as their σύνδουλοι: Col 1:7; 4:7 (σύνδουλος ἐν κυρίῳ); IEph 2:1; IMg 2; IPhld 4; ISm 12:2 (in the last two passages there are no names mentioned; the ‘assistants’ [διάκοναι] are called ς.). In Rv 6:11 σύνδουλος also has the sense ‘fellow-Christian’. Since it is a truism that one can be a slave to only one master, such self-identification, far from being a declaration of mean servility, served notice that ultimate allegiance was owed to God or Christ alone.

ⓒ In Rv the revealing angel calls himself the fellow-slave of the seer and his brothers 19:10; 22:9.—New Docs 2, 54. M-M. TW.

ὑπογρᾰφ-ή, ἡ,

A written accusation, Pl.Tht. 172e (but perh. in signf.11.2), IG9(2).522.20 (Larissa, iii/ii B. C., dub. sens.); cf.

ὑπογράφω 1.2

.

b in Egypt, an unknown form of legal procedure before a court, PEnteux.50.8 (iii B. C.), PPetr.2p.55 (iii B. C.).

c decision of an official on a petition handed to him, PTeb.45.28 (ii B. C.); of a court (perh. orig. so called because written below a petition), including a record of the legal proceedings, UPZ118.1, 162 vii 33, ix 24 (ii B. C.), BGU1759.4, 1827.12 (i B. C.).

2 admission of liability in writing. IG12(7).3.35 (Amorgos, iv B. C.), Mél.Navarre 357 ([place name] Thespiae), PEnteux.35.7 (iii B. C.).

3 copy, Phld.Acad.Ind.p.6 M. (pl.).

4 entering of horses at the Olympic games, D.S.13.74 codd. ( ἀπογρ-Schaefer).

5 pl., = Lat. commentarii, App.Pun. 136, BC4.132.

II outline, contour, Arist.GA 764b30; τενόντων ὑπογραφαί traces of feet, foot-prints, A.Ch. 209.

2 architect's plan, SIG1156 (Priene, iii/ii B. C.); diagram, Ascl.Tact.11.7: metaph., outline, sketch, general description, opp. τελεωτάτη ἀπεργασία, Pl.R. 504d, cf. 548d, Lg. 737d;

θεωρείσθω ἐκ τῆς ὑ. Arist.Int. 22a22

, Mete. 346a32, HA 510a30: Medic., as Empiric t.t., Gal.8.720.

3 in Logic, description, general illustration, opp. definition, Stoic.2.75.

4 example, illustration,

ὑπογραφῆς ἕνεκα Ael.Tact.8.3

.

III painting under of the eyelids, X.Cyr.1.3.2, Nicostr. ap. Stob.4.23.62; cf.

ὑπόγραμμα 11

, ὑπογράφω v, ὑποχρίω.

ὑπηρέτης, ου, ὁ (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestBenj 3:8; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 4, 2; loanw. in rabb.; freq. as t.t. for a governmental or other official) one who functions as a helper, freq. in a subordinate capacity, helper, assistant (e.g. a physician’s assistant: Hobart 88f; as adjutant: Arrian, Tact. 10, 4; 14, 4; the lictor beside the consul: Appian, Liby. 90 §424; the 20 senators with Pompey: Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 18 §67; the priest’s helpers: Diod S 1, 73, 3; the assistant to the ἡγούμενος of a cultic fellowship: Sb 7835, 11 [I B.C.]) Dg 7:2. John (Mark) as ὑπ. of Paul and Barnabas Ac 13:5 (BHolmes, Luke’s Description of John Mark: JBL 54, ’35, 63–72; WHadorn, D. Gefährten u. Mitarbeiter des Pls: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 65–82; RTaylor, ET 54, ’42/43, 136–38). Of the attendants of a board or court (Diod S 14, 5, 1f and Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 31 §138 of attendants of the court; Diod S 17, 30, 4 παρέδωκε τοῖς ὑπηρέταις … ἀποκτεῖναι; Maximus Tyr. 3, 2b), of the Sanhedrin (Jos., Bell. 1, 655 παρέδωκεν τοῖς ὑπ. ἀνελεῖν, Ant. 4, 37 πέμψας ὑπ.; 16, 232) Mt 5:25 (Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 68 D.: ὁ δικαστὴς παραδίδωσι τ. ὑπηρέταις ‘deputies’); 26:58; Mk 14:54, 65; J 7:32, 45f; 18:3, 12, 22; 19:6; Ac 5:22, 26; GJs 10:1; 15:2. W. δοῦλοι (as Pla., Polit. 289c [on this Collins 81–84, s. below]; Just., A I, 14, 1) J 18:18. Of a synagogue attendant (as prob. in the Roman-Jewish grave ins: RGarrucci, Dissertazioni archeologiche II 1865, p. 166 no. 22) Lk 4:20 (ὑπ. as a title of cult officials: Thieme 33. Also Musaeus, Fgm. 11 Diels [Paus. 10, 5, 6]: Pyrcon as Poseidon’s ὑπηρέτης ἐς τὰ μαντεύματα; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 33 ὑπ. τῶν τελετῶν; PLond 2710 recto, 11 [HTR 29, ’36, p. 40; 50]). Of a king’s retinue J 18:36; GJs 21:2; 23:1f. The apostles as assistants of Christ Ac 26:16; 1 Cor 4:1 (Epict. 3, 22, 82 the Cynic as ὑπ. τοῦ Διός; Galen, Protr. 5 p. 12, 5 J.: Socr., Hom. et al. as ὑπ. τοῦ θεοῦ; Pythagorean saying: WienerStud 8, 1886, p. 278 no. 105 τὸν εὐεργετοῦντά σε εἰς ψυχὴν ὡς ὑπηρέτην θεοῦ μετὰ θεὸν τίμα=one who has benefited you spiritually, esteem as God’s helper after God; Sextus 319; Just., D. 57, 3). Believers gener. as θεοῦ ὑπηρέται (w. οἰκονόμοι [as 1 Cor 4:1] and πάρεδροι) IPol 6:1 (cp. PGM 59, 3; 5 and Jos., Bell. 2, 321, Ant. 3, 16).—Also w. objective gen. of that to which services are rendered (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 41 §169 τῆς πατρίδος ὑπ.; Wsd 6:4) ὑπηρέται τοῦ λόγου ministers of the word Lk 1:2 (cp. the role of a scribe Sir 39:1–4; PMather, BR 30, ’85, 28f). ἐκκλησίας θεοῦ ὑπηρέται servants of God’s assembly/church ITr 2:3.—On the obscure οἱ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑπηρέται B 16:4 s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.—On the functions of the ὑπ. in Greco-Rom. Egypt, HKupiszewski and JModrzejewski, JJP XI and XII, ’57/58, 141–66; JCollins, Diakonia ’90, esp. 81–84, 173–75.—B. 1334. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: des. of a leading official, in Athens member of the governing committee of the council, `foreman, chief of affairs, prytan' (Dor. IA.); also name of a Lycian (Ε 678).

Other forms: Aeol. πρό-.

Compounds: Some compp., e.g. ναυ-πρύτανις = ναύαρχος (Pi.).

Derivatives: 1. Adj. πρυταν-ικός (IA. inscr.), - ειος (Aristid.) `belonging to p.'; 2. subst. - εῖον, Ion. -ήϊον n. `residence of p., city hall' (IA.), in Athens also name of a (judicial) court; τὰ πρυτανεῖα `legal costs' (Att.); here Πρυταν-ῖτις (Herm. Hist.), - εία (Syros) f. surn. of Έστία as protectress of the Prytaneion (cf. Redard 212); 3. Verb πρυταν-εύω `to be P., to lead something' (h. Ap. 68) with - εία, Ion. - ηΐη f. `(term of) office of a p.' (IA., Rhodes etc.), - ευμα = Lat. principatus (epigr. I^a), - εύς m. = πρύτανις (Rhodos; backformation, Bosshardt 77).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Cognate with the Etruscan title of an official purʮne, eprʮni, πρύτανις belongs undoubtedly to the Anatolian-Aegaean element of the Greek constitutional terminology (cf. βασιλεύς, ἄναξ, τύραννος and Schwyzer 62 a. 462). The Aeol. byform πρότανις (Att. inscr. incid. προταν-εύω, - εία) can, like Phoc. a. Cret. βρυτανεύω, - εῖον, represent the uncertain pronunciation of a foreign word (but it may also go back on popular association wih πρό `in front'). Earlier (s. Curtius 283 w. older lit., WP. 2, 36; also Schwyzer-Debrunner 505) considered as IE, with πρυ- as old byform of προ; here further διαπρύσιος, πρυμνός, πρυλέες. -- For Pre-Gr.-IE origin Heubeck Praegraeca 67f.; cf also Linderski Glotta 40, 157 ff., who tries to connect also Hatt. puri `lord'.

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πολῑτ-ῐκός, ή, όν,

A of, for, or relating to citizens,

σύλλογος Pl.Grg. 452e

;

οἶκοι Isoc.2.21

; αἱ π. λειτουργίαι, opp. αἱ τῶν μετοίκων, D.20.18; π. κοινωνία, βίος, Arist.Pol. 1252a7, 1254b30;

π. νόμος IG9

(1).32.22 (Stiris, ii B. C.), PHal.1.79, cf. PPetr.3p.49 (iii B. C.), Mitteis Chr. 31 vii 9 (ii B. C.); π. χώρα, Lat. ager publicus, Plb.6.45.3;

παῖδες π. IG14.748

([place name] Naples); χορὸς π. ib.7.1776 ([place name] Helice); at Rome, π. στρατηγία office of praetor urbanus (i. e. qui inter cives ius dicit), Plu.Brut. 7. Adv. -κῶς, κινεῖν bring a civil action, Cod.Just.4.20.13.1.

b in a town, π. τόπος a city site, POxy.2109.8 (iii A. D.).

c πολιτικός, ὁ, official, PTeb.208 (i B. C.), Sammelb. 286 (pl.), POxy. 34 iii 10 (pl., ii A. D.), etc.

2 befitting a citizen, civic, civil,

ἰσονομία Th.3.82

;

σχῆμα π. τοῦ λόγου Id.8.89

;

ἀγῶνες X.Mem.2.6.26

;

π. ἀρετή Id.Lac. 10.7

; ἡ -ωτάτη ἔρις ib.4.5; τὰ πολιτικά civil affairs, opp. τὰ πολεμικά, Id.Eq.2.1, cf. Hier.9.5;

πολιτικωτέρα ἐγένετο ἡ ὀλιγαρχία

more constitutionly,

Arist.Pol. 1305b10

; π. ἀρχή, opp. δεσποτική, ib. 1254b4; observant of social order, Plb.34.14.2. Adv. -κῶς, ἔχειν act like a citizen, in a constitutional manner, Isoc.4.79; οὐδὲ κοινῶς οὐδὲ π. ἐβίωσαν ib. 151;

οὐκ ἴσως οὐδὲ π. D.10.74

; οὕτω.. ἀρχαίως εἶχον, μᾶλλον δὲ π. the Greek states were so much like members of one state, Id.9.48; π. ἄρχειν, opp. βασιλικῶς, Arist.Pol. 1259b1; opp. δεσποτικῶς, ib. 1324a37; of animals,

πολιτικώτερον χρῶνται τοῖς ἀπογόνοις

more socially,

Id.HA 589a2

: hence,

b civil, courteous, Plb.23.5.7. Adv. civilly, courteously,

πράως καὶ π. μεμψιμοιρεῖν Id.18.48.7

.

3 consisting of citizens or of one's fellow-citizens, τὸ πολιτικόν the community, Hdt.7.103, cf. Th.8.93; τὸ π. στράτευμα, opp. τὸ τῶν συμμάχων, X.HG4.4.19: without στράτευμα, ib.5.3.25, etc.;

αἱ π. δυνάμεις Aeschin.3.98

; opp. οἱ σύμμαχοι, D.18.237, cf. 9.48; π. δικαστήριον a court composed of locally appointed citizens, opp. ξενικὸν δ. (one composed of foreigners invited from abroad), SIG306.28 (Tegea, iv B. C.), 976.9 (Samos, ii B. C.);

οἱ π. ἱππεῖς καὶ πεζοί Plb.1.9.4

, cf. D.S.19.106; τὰ π. σώματα prob. cj. for τὰ πολεμικὰ σ. in Plb.4.52.7, cf. SIG588.64 (Milet., ii B. C.);

σῶμα π. IG12(7).386.25

(Aegiale, iii B. C.); οἱ π., = οἱ πολῖται, ib.22.2316.54.

4 living in a community,

ἄνθρωπος φύσει π. ζῷον Arist.Pol. 1253a3

;

πολιτικὰ δ' ἐστίν, ὧν ἕν τι καὶ κοινὸν γίγνεται πάντων τὸ ἔργον Id.HA 488a7

; also, fit for, characteristic of, free government, Id.Pol. 1287b38, 1294b1; πλῆθος ib. 1288a12.

5 secular, opp. ecclesiastical,

πρόσοδοι SIG459.6

(Beroea, iii B. C.), cf. 526.35 (Itanus, iii B. C.), OGI267.29 (Pergam., iii B. C.); οἱ π. the laity, Lyd. Mens.3.10.

II of or befitting a statesman, statesmanlike,

δεινότητες Nausiph.2

; ψυχαὶ -ώτεραι, opp. οἰκονομικώτεραι, X.Cyr.2.2.14, cf. Pl.Alc.1.133e;

ὁ πολιτικός

the statesman,

Arist.Pol. 1252a7

, 1274b36, 1276a34; also, title of a dialogue by Plato.

III belonging to the state or its administration, political,

οἰκείων καὶ π. ἐπιμέλεια Th. 2.40

;

τέχνη π. Democr.157

, Pl.Prt. 319a, Grg. 521d; ἡ π. ἐπιστήμη, ἡ π., the science of politics, opp. οἰκονομική, βασιλική, Id.Plt. 259c, 303e (in Arist. politics includes ethics, EN 1094b11, Rh. 1356a27, and is divided into πολιτική (proper) καὶ οἰκονομία καὶ φρόνησις, EE 1218b13, cf. EN 1141b23 sq.);

π. πράγματα Isoc.4.113

;

πράξεις Pl.Hp.Ma. 281c

;

φρόνησις Arist.EN 1141b26

; λόγος, title of work by Antipho Soph., Hermog.Id.2.11, etc.; τὰ π. public matters,

γνῶναι Th.2.40

, cf. 6.15,89;

πράττειν τὰ π. Pl.Grg. 521d

, cf. Ap. 31d, etc.; but τὰ π. βλάπτειν prejudice the weal of the state, Id.R. 407d.

2 civil, municipal, opp. natural or general,

οὐ γὰρ ἐκ π. αἰτίας D.21.218

.

IV generally, having relation to public life, political, public, opp. κατ' ἰδίας, Th.8.89;

π. τιμαί X.Mem.2.6.24

; λόγοι civil oratory, Isoc.15.46, D.H.Comp.1, al.;

τίς π. καὶ κοινὴ βοήθεια; D.18.311

. Adv. [comp] Comp. -ώτερον, litterae

π.

scriptae

Cic.Att.5.12.2

.

V suited to a citizen's common life, ordinary,

κάνναθρον X.Ages.8.7

; belonging to common usage,

τῶν ὀνομάτων τὰ π. Isoc.9.10

; drawn from ordinary life,

παραδείγματα Gal.5.221

; τὰς π... χρείας [τοῦ σκέλους] ordinary, opp. wrestling and dancing, Id.2.299; ὁ π., opp. ὁ ποιητής, Phryn.45. Adv. -κῶς, λέγειν, opp. ῥητορικῶς, Arist.Po. 1450b7;

ὁρίζεσθαι Id.Pol. 1275b25

;

ἑρμηνεύειν Gal.18(1).415

.

VI πολιτική, ἡ, concubine, mistress, PGrenf.2.73 (iii A. D.), POxy.903.37 (iv A. D.).

ἀρχ-ιᾱτρός (on the accent v. Hdn.Gr.1.229), [dialect] Ion. [suff] ἀρχ-ιητρός, ὁ,

A court or official physician, OGI256.5 (Delos, ii/i B.C.), etc.; of the Roman Emperors, Gal.14.2, al.; of communities, arch. populares Cod.Theod.13.3, Cod.Just.10.52.10, al.: generally, responsible practitioner, Aret.CA2.5; cf. ἀρχιίατρος.

εὐνοῦχος, ου, ὁ (s. prec. entry; Hdt., Aristoph. et al.; Vett. Val. 18, 19; 86, 34; BGU 725, 14; 29; LXX, Test12Patr; AscIs 3:11; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 488, Ant. 17, 44; Ath. 34, 1)

① a castrated male person, eunuch. Mt 19:12b. Eunuchs served, esp. in the orient, as keepers of a harem (Esth 2:14) and not infreq. rose to high positions in the state (Hdt. 8, 105; AscIs 3:11 τῶν εὐνούχων καὶ τῶν συμβούλων τοῦ βασιλέως): the εὐ. δυνάστης of Queen Candace Ac 8:27, 34, 36, 38f.—S. on Κανδάκη.—Diod S 11, 69, 1 Mithridates is physically a εὐνοῦχος and holds the position of κατακοιμιστής (=the chamberlain; note the etymology of εὐ.: εὐνή ‘bed’ + ἔχω) τοῦ βασιλέως (Xerxes). In 17, 5, 3 Βαγώας as χιλίαρχος bears the title of a high official at the Persian court (18, 48, 4f). Since he is also described as εὐνοῦχος, the word must be understood literally. Similarly in Ac 8:27ff, the man baptized by Philip performs the function of δυνάστης Κανδάκης βασιλίσσης. Here also ‘eunuch’ refers primarily to his physical state, but Luke’s interest in showing the broad outreach of the Gospel, esp. through the arrival of an important personage from a distant locality, prob. comes into play (for OT perspectives contrast Dt 23:1 Mt and Is 56:3). FSpencer, The Ethiopian Eunuch and His Bible—A Social-Science-Analysis: BTB 22, ’92, 155–65.

② a human male who, without a physical operation, is by nature incapable of begetting children, impotent male (Wsd 3:14) εὐ. ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός Mt 19:12a.

③ a human male who abstains fr. marriage, without being impotent, a celibate Mt 19:12c (cp. Ath. 34, 1).—s. εὐνουχίζω.—JBlinzler, ZNW 48, ’57, 254–70; Pauly-Wiss. Suppl. III/2, 1772f; B. 141. New Docs 3, 41. Schmidt, Syn. IV 35–37. DELG s.v. ἐυνή. M-M. EDNT. TW.